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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.

This is evident in numerous examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can thrive in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect species that prefer specific host plants. These are mostly reversible traits can't, however, be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for decades. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the most well-known explanation. This process occurs when individuals who are better-adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, the number of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually develops into an entirely new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to the offspring of that person which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be achieved via sexual or asexual methods.

All of these factors must be in balance for natural selection to occur. If, for instance the dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene allele The dominant allele becomes more prevalent in a group. But if the allele confers a disadvantage in survival or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism with a beneficial characteristic is more likely to survive and reproduce than one with an unadaptive characteristic. The greater an organism's fitness as measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it produces. People with good characteristics, such as having a long neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns on male peacocks are more likely than others to survive and reproduce, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is only an element in the population and not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits due to use or lack of use. If a giraffe stretches its neck in order to catch prey, and the neck becomes longer, then the children will inherit this characteristic. The difference in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe is no longer able to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles within a gene can attain different frequencies in a population by chance events. At some point, one will reach fixation (become so common that it cannot be eliminated by natural selection) and the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. This can result in dominance in extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small number of people, this could lead to the complete elimination of the recessive allele. This is known as the bottleneck effect. It is typical of the evolution process that occurs when the number of individuals migrate to form a group.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunting event are concentrated in an area of a limited size. The survivors will have a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by war, earthquakes or even plagues. The genetically distinct population, if left, could be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for different fitness levels. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other lives to reproduce.

This type of drift can play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. However, it's not the only way to evolve. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, where phenotypic variation in an individual is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a major difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or a cause and treating other causes of evolution like selection, mutation and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us distinguish it from other forces and this differentiation is crucial. He further argues that drift is a directional force: that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

When high school students take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, also referred to as "Lamarckism is based on the idea that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms by adopting traits that are a product of an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe that extends its neck to reach higher up in the trees. This would result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to offspring, who then get taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced an original idea that fundamentally challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate materials by a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to propose this but he was considered to be the first to offer the subject a thorough and general explanation.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism became an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, and both theories battled out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed which led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, such as natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this notion was never a key element of any of their theories on evolution. This is partly because it was never scientifically validated.

It's been over 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics, there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is just as valid as the more well-known Neo-Darwinian theory.

Evolution through adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. In reality, this notion is inaccurate and overlooks the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a struggle to survive in a certain environment. This could include not only other organisms, but also the physical environment itself.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to understand evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical structure such as feathers or fur. Or it can be a behavior trait such as moving to the shade during the heat, or escaping the cold at night.

The ability of an organism to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to generate offspring, and must be able to access enough food and other resources. The organism must also be able to reproduce itself at a rate that is optimal for its niche.

These factors, along with mutation and gene flow can result in changes in the ratio of alleles (different types of a gene) in the population's gene pool. The change in frequency of alleles can result in the emergence of new traits and eventually new species in the course of time.

A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage to hide. To understand the concept of adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological characteristics.

Physiological traits like the thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not, such as the tendency of animals to seek companionship or retreat into shade in hot temperatures. It is important to note that insufficient planning does not result in an adaptation. A failure to consider the consequences of a decision even if it seems to be rational, may make it inflexible.